The FACTS technology has become one of the most valuable compensation techniques, because it applies the latest advances in power electronics to achieve additional and more effective control of the parameters of the electrical systems. Load-tap changing transformers (LTCs) whose main function is to regulate voltage magnitude at its terminals by changing their transformation ratio.Īdvances in power electronic technologies together with sophisticated electronic control methods made possible the development of fast static compensators namely Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS). On the other hand, the reactive power absorbed/supplied by RSCs and SVCs is automatically adjusted so as to maintain fixed voltage magnitude at connection points. Nevertheless, they provide passive compensation since their production or absorption of reactive power depends on their rating and the bus voltage level at which they are connected. SCs and SRs are either permanently connected to the power system or can be switched on and off according to operative conditions. Traditionally the following devices are used for this purpose: automatic voltage regulators (AVR) controlling a generator’s field excitation so as to maintain a specified voltage magnitude at generator terminals, as well as sources or sinks of reactive power, such as shunt capacitors (SCs), shunt reactors (SRs), rotating synchronous condensers (RSCs) and SVC. Reactive power flow is minimized so as to reduce losses in the network, and voltage regulation is generally carried out locally. Voltage magnitude regulation in the network is achieved by controlling the production, absorption and flow of reactive power throughout the system. Voltage magnitude throughout the network cannot deviate significantly from its nominal value if an efficient and reliable operation of the power system is to be achieved.
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